Endnotes

  1.  ESCWA, 2017d, p. 5.
  2.  ESCWA, 2017d.
  3.  ESCWA and League of Arab States, 2014, p. 14.
  4.  For a glossary on treaty actions, see United Nations Treaty Collection.
  5.  For more information see United Nations Statistical Commission, Washington Group on Disability Statistics, 2017.
  6.  United Nations Statistical Commission, 2016, p. 7.
  7.  Bearing in mind that the 2030 Agenda as a whole applies to persons with disabilities, accessible transport can also be coupled to SDG 9, which inter alia concerns resilient infrastructure.
  8.  World Health Organization and World Bank, 2011, chap. 3.
  9.  CRPD preamble.
  10.  United Nations Statistical Commission, 2017.
  11.  ESCWA, 2017d.
  12.  The 2011 World Disability Report, issued by the Word Bank and the WHO, estimated the global disability rate to 15.6 percent. However, it must be noted that this number is based on a broader definition of disability than that recommended by the WG, making it hard to compare outright with the numbers for the Arab region.
  13.  As the current publication is mainly devoted to social protection of persons with disabilities as one of the priority aspects of the SDGs (target 1.3), this section only reflects some of the SDGs. A more complete data analysis will be available in the upcoming publication “Disability in the Arab Region 2018”.
  14. Information about the share of persons with disabilities living in disability institutions is currently not publicly available and is the subject of an ongoing ESCWA research project.
  15. Mauritania, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Development and National Statistics Office, 2015, pp. 63-64.
  16. Pinto, Pinto and Cunha, 2016a, p. 28. To set this in context, it may be noted that the official minimum wage for a person working 40 hours a week was in 2015 raised to 290 dinars – see Tunisia, 2015. The national poverty line and extreme poverty line were in the same year set to 1706 dinars and 1032 dinars per person and year, respectively corresponding to 142 dinars and 86 dinars per month - see Tunisia, National Institute of Statistics, 2016a. For the studies in Algeria and Morocco, see Pinto, Pinto and Cunha, 2016b, and 2016c.
  17. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Social Affairs, 2011, p. 74.
  18. Ibid., p. 22.
  19.  Morocco, Ministry of Family, Solidarity, Equality and Social Development, 2014, p. 59.
  20. Nagata, 2003, pp. 11-12.
  21. UN Women, n.d.
  22. For a recent comprehensive overview of social insurance systems in the Arab region, see Price and others, 2017.
  23.  Angel-Urdinola and Tanabe, 2012, pp. 2, 8.
  24. Many schemes also include provisions for early retirement, which typically implies a lower benefit.
  25.  International Social Security Association, n.d.,d.
  26. United Arab Emirates, General Pension and Social Security Authority, 2015. The Dubai Economic Council reportedly set the national poverty line to 80 dirhams per day, corresponding to 2,400 dirhams per month, which would seem to suggest that the minimum disability benefit is quite high. See Al Kamali and Al Bastaki, 2011.
  27.  Moroco, RCAR, 2015, p. 12.
  28.  International Social Security Association, n.d.,e. It should be noted that the ongoing crisis in Yemen calls into question whether disability pensions and other social insurance benefits are in fact being paid out.
  29.  International Social Security Association, n.d.,a.
  30.  International Social Security Association, n.d.,b.
  31. Pinto, Pinto and Cunha, 2016a, p. 23.
  32. International Social Security Association, n.d.,c. Orphan daugthers are eligible as long as they are not married.
  33.  ESCWA, 2017a.
  34.  World Bank, 2015b.
  35. World Bank, 2015c.
  36.  ESCWA, 2017b.
  37.  World Bank 2015c, pp. 40-41; World Bank 2015b, p. 5.
  38.  It is noted the value of this benefit is 4.5 times lower than the Algerian minimum wage, which is set at 18,000 dinars; see Algeria, 2011, and 2015.
  39.  UNDP, 2013, p. 54; Röth, Nimeh and Hagen-Zanker, 2017.
  40.  United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq and UN OHCHR, 2016, p. 17; Iraq, 2015.
  41. Mauritania, 2016.
  42. Morocco, 2014, p. 113; Angel-Urdinola, El Yamani and Pallares-Miralles, 2015, p. 25.
  43. Mauritania, 2016.
  44. ESCWA and ILO, 2014b.
  45. World Bank, 2015b.
  46. Mauritania, Ministry of Social Affairs, Childhood and Family, 2016.
  47. Algeria, Ministry of National Solidarity, Family and the Status of Women, n.d.; Egypt, 2015; Stars of Hope Society, 2013,p. 29.
  48. Such measures exist in, for instance, Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Mauritania, Morocco and United Arab Emirates. See United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2015a, p. 40; Egypt, 2015; United Arab Emirates, 2006, Article 27; Morocco, Ministry of Family, Solidarity, Equality and Social Development, 2016a; Algeria, Ministry of National Solidarity, Family and the Status of Women, n.d.; Mauritania, 2006, Articles 30 and 31.
  49. ESCWA, 2014.
  50. Social health insurance may be conceptualized as a form of social insurance, though for the purpose of this paper each is treated separately, so that social insurance pertains exclusively to schemes providing income security.
  51. See International Labour Organization, 2015.
  52. UNESCO, 2013, pp. 13-14.
  53. Algeria, 1983, Articles 5 and 73.
  54. ESCWA, 2017c, p. 16.
  55. UNDP, 2013, p. 171.
  56. Egypt, 2015.
  57. Turkawi, 2015, pp. 16, 51.
  58. Nazih, 2017, pp. 68-71.
  59. L'Agence Nationale de l'Assurance Maladie (ANAM), 2015a; Centre de Recherches et d'Etudes Sociales (CRES) and African Development Bank, 2016, p. 32.
  60. Tunisia, 2005b, Article 15.
  61. ESCWA and League of Arab States, 2014, p. 14.
  62. Iraq, 2005, Article 32.
  63. State of Palestine, 2003, Article 22.
  64. United Arab Emirates, 2006, Article 2
  65.  Algeria, 2002, Article 5.
  66. 66. State of Palestine, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, 2014.
  67. State of Palestine, 1999, Article 10.
  68. United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq and UN OHCHR, 2016, p. 17; Iraq, n.d.
  69. Azzeh, 2017.
  70. The data is presented as “[p]ercentage of disabled people who received any kind of care and support for their disability” (emphasis added), which would seem to indicate that only disability-specific forms of social protection are intended. However, from the questionnaire itself it appears that the questions put to respondents was only whether they during the past year had “receive[d] any care or support”, which would seem to include mainstream as well as disability-specific form of social protection. See Yemen, 2015, pp. 206, 278.
  71. UNICEF, n.p., p. 12; Lebanon, Ministry of Social Affairs, 2016.
  72. UNICEF, n.p., p. 10.
  73. UNESCO, 2013, p. 11, suggests that the disability prevalence may be higher among men since “Lebanese males are more prone to acquire disabilities due to the wars and car and work related accidents as the number of workers and drivers is larger for males”.
  74. UNESCO, 2013, p. 9.
  75. “Tunis – 45% of disabled people hold disability card”, 2016.
  76. Pinto, Pinto and Cunha, 2016a, p. 30.
  77. Pinto, Pinto and Cunha, 2016a, p. 47.
  78. Pinto, Pinto and Cunha, 2016b, p. 29; 2016c, p. 31.
  79. Pinto, Pinto and Cunha, 2016c, pp. 26-27, 31, 36.
  80. Angel-Urdinola and Tanabe, 2012, pp. 13-14.
  81. Ibid., pp. 2, 8.
  82. Ibid., p. 12.
  83. ESCWA and the League of Arab States, 2014, pp. 16-17.
  84. See, for example, Egypt, 2015; United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq and UN OHCHR, 2016, p. 14; Conseil Economique et Social du Maroc, 2012, p. 10; Pinto, Pinto and Cunha, 2016b, p. 39; Stars of Hope Society, 2013, p. 29.
  85. Egypt, Ministry of Social Solidarity, 2016.
  86. Centre de Recherches et d'Etudes Sociales (CRES) and African Development Bank, 2017, pp. 167, 179.
  87. Jordan, 2015.
  88. Zureiqat and Shama, 2015, p. 29; UNDP, 2013, p. 54.
  89. Kaur and others, 2016, p. 59. The source does not specify a date for the data.
  90. Ahmed Cheikhi, Ministry of Family, Solidarity, Equality and Social Development, Morocco, email to authors, 15 May 2017.
  91. Algeria, Ministry of National Solidarity, Family and the Status of Women, n.d.
  92. Abdallahi Diakite, Ministry of Social Affairs, Childhood and Family, Mauritania, email to authors, 5 May 2017.
  93. Mauritania, 2016.
  94. Diakite, email to authors.
  95. World Bank, 2017.
  96. Jordan, Department of Statistics, 2015.
  97. ESCWA, 2017c, p. 23; Stars of Hope Society, 2013, p. 49.
  98. Egypt, 2015; United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2010, p. 15.
  99. 3.8 percent of persons with disabilities, furthermore, reported being covered by other forms of insurance, including the private variety (0.7 percent) and ”professional” insurance (3.1 percent). It is not entirely sure what the latter signifies. Since no comparative rates are available for the population as a whole, coverage of this sort has not been included in the figure
  100. Centre de Recherches et d'Etudes Sociales (CRES) and African Development Bank, 2017, pp. 167, 179.
  101. Ibid.
  102. UNESCO, 2013, pp. 13-14
  103. Ibid., p. 13.
  104. United Nations Economic and Social Council, 2016, p. 5.
  105. Pinto, Pinto and Cunha, 2016b, p. 24; Algeria, La Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale des Non-Salariés (CASNOS),2014.
  106. Kuwait, 2010, Article 1.
  107. Tunisia, 2005b, Article 2.
  108. Morocco, 2016, Article 2.
  109. International Social Security Association, n.d.,d.
  110. Algeria, 2003.
  111. L'Agence Nationale de l'Assurance Maladie (ANAM), 2015b.
  112. L'Agence Nationale de l'Assurance Maladie (ANAM), 2015c.
  113. Internation Social Security Association, n.d.,b.
  114. Angel-Urdinola, El Yamani and Pallares-Miralles, 2015, p. 48.
  115. Tunisia, 2005a, Annex 2.
  116. Kaur and others, 2016, p. 5; Alghaib, u.p., p. 12.
  117. United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq and UN OHCHR, 2016, pp. 4-5.
  118. Egypt, 2015.
  119. Jones and Shaheen, 2012, pp. 19-20.
  120. Alkhoja, Neman and Hariz, 2016, p. 1; USAID, 2014, pp. 15-16.
  121. World Bank, 2015b, p. 4. For a general description of community based targeting, see Hanlon, Barrientos and Hulme,2010, pp. 113-115.
  122. World Bank, 2015c, p. 34.
  123. Angel-Urdinola, El Yamani and Pallares-Miralles, 2015, pp. 32-33.
  124. Gattioui, 2016.
  125. Pereznieto and others, 2014, pp. 27, 33.
  126. Ahmed Cheikhi, Ministry of Family, Solidarity, Equality and Social Development, Morocco, email to authors, 15 May2017. See also Morocco, 2015.
  127. Bdraldeen Ahmed Hassan Mohamed, National Council for Persons with Disabilities, Sudan, email to authors,16 July 2017.
  128. Chen and others, 2016, pp. 14-15. Eligiblity for the “upper” part of AMG, which requires some contributions andco-payments, is provided based on annual income, which must not exceed 1-3 times the annual minimum wage, depending on the household’s size.
  129. African Development Bank Group (AfDB), 2013, p. 76; Chen and others, 2016, pp. 14-15.
  130. African Development Bank Group (AfDB), 2013, p. 17; Chen and others, 2016, pp. 14-15; Arfa and Elgazzar, 2013, p. 7.
  131. L'Agence Nationale de l'Assurance Maladie (ANAM), 2015d.
  132. Morocco, 2008.
  133. Morocco, 2011.
  134. Angel-Urdinola, El Yamani and Pallares-Miralles, 2015, p. 30.
  135. See, for example, Levin, Morgandi and Silva, 2012, p. 22; Alkhoja, Neman and Hariz, 2016, p. 1.
  136. Thus, a social registry may be included as a component of a single registry. The latter may also be connected to additional databases, e.g. the civil registry. See Chirchir and Farooq, 2016.
  137. For critical comment on social registries, see Kidd, 2017.
  138. In Algeria, workers with disabilities earning less than 20,000 dinars per month are exempted from general income tax. See Algeria, Ministry of National Solidarity, Family and the Status of Women, n.d. Tunisian law stipulates that employers should benefit from reduced social security contribution fees when employing persons with disabilities, depending on the degree of disability as stated on the employee’s disability card. See Tunisia, 2005b, Article 34.
  139. Morocco, Ministry of Family, Solidarity, Equality and Social Development, 2014, p. 60.
  140. The application procedure for the older, categorically targeted CT programme is detailed in USAID, 2014. It should be noted that this applies to the CT scheme prior to its adoption of PMT.
  141. United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq and UN OHCHR, 2016, pp. 16-17; USAID, 2014, p. 17-19.
  142. Morocco, Ministry of Family, Solidarity, Equality and Social Development, 2014, p. 60.
  143. Ibid., p. 74.
  144. Hakky, 2015, p. 61.
  145. Pinto, Pinto and Cunha, 2016a, pp. 32-33.
  146. United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2015b, pp. 47-50.
  147. United Nations Commitee on Economic and Social Council, 2015, p. 45.
  148. See, for example, United Nations Economic and Social Council, 2015, p. 45; United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2015b, p. 19; United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2016, p. 31.
  149. AccessAbilities Expo, 2017.
  150. World Bank, 2016a, p. 59. The source does not specify a date for data. As of 2016, one Israeli shekel corresponded to $3.9.
  151. Kaur and others, 2016, p. 59.
  152. See for Iraq, USAID, 2014, p. 25; for Morocco, Pinto, Pinto and Cunha, 2016c, pp. 33-34; for Algeria, Pinto, Pinto and Cunha, 2016b, pp. 33-34.
  153. 153. See, for example, Stars of Hope Society, 2013, pp. 48, 51; Information and Research Center and others, 2017, pp. 6, 11;
  154. Advocates for Human Rights & Mobilising for Rights Associates, 2017, pp. 15-16.
  155. Pereznieto and others, 2014, p. 29.
  156. Centre de Recherches et d'Etudes Sociales (CRES) and African Development Bank, 2017, p. 180.
  157. As noted earlier, the Tunisian national poverty line and extreme poverty line were in 2015 set to 1706 dinars and 1032 dinars per person and year, corresponding respectively to 142 dinars and 86 dinars per month. CRES and African Development Bank, 2017, pp. 180-181.
  158.  For a general reference on disability and conditional cash transfers, see Mont, 2006.
  159.  Morocco, Ministry of Family, Solidarity, Equality and Social Development, 2016b.
  160.  Dahan and Gelb, 2015.
  161.  Hanlon and others, 2010, pp. 73-76.
  162.  International Labour Office and International Disability Alliance, 2015, p. 8.
  163.  United Arab Emirates, 2017.
  164.  United Nations Commitee on the Right of Persons with Disabilities, 2014, p. 48.
  165. United Nations Commitee on the Right of Persons with Disabilities, 2015b, p. 51.